Euphorbia resinifera (Zaggûm or Tikiut) is an endemic species of Morocco, predominantly found in the Middle Atlas Mountains, and has long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, particularly cancer. This review aims to critically analyze and synthesize existing knowledge on E. resinifera, including its botanical characterization, taxonomy, geographical distribution, and traditional medicinal applications, as well as its bioactive compounds, toxicological aspects, and pharmacological properties. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, SpringerLink, SciFinder, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies involving E. resinifera and its bioactive compounds, particularly those addressing antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antiprotease, immunomodulatory, irritant, and lysosomal activities. The available evidence indicates that E. resinifera latex, honey and propolis are widely used in Moroccan folk medicine to treat conditions such as diabetes, cancer, inflammatory skin disorders, and wounds. Phytochemical investigations have identified a range of bioactive compounds, especially terpenoids, while in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that latex extracts and isolated compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects. The traditional use of E. resinifera honey and its propolis is supported by emerging strong biological evidence, with safety and efficacy, as a functional food, that also may have a phyto-adaptogenic role potential as an adjuvant complementary to treatment of Tuberculosis. While also they act stimulating cicatrization of ulcers with torpid evolution, being possible candidates to be used in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Hanseniasis lesions. There’s a potential role in biotechnological environmental researches, but also to translational investigations much needed to global contemporary public health.
