Leaf anatomy changes related to physiological adaptations to flooding in Amazonian tree species

Ano: 2009 | Volume: 21 | Número: 4

Autores: Ana Herrera, Marcia Escala, Elizabeth Rengifo

Palavras-chave: flooding, palisade, parenchyma, sclerenchyma, spongy, stomata, tropical trees

Resumo Inglês:

In trees of the seasonally flooded forest of the Mapire River in Venezuela, early flooding induces a reversible diminution in leaf
conductance and photosynthetic rate. With the aim of finding an anatomical explanation for the observed responses of leaf gas
exchange, the characteristics of emerged leaves developed under drainage or after three months of flooding were examined in the
tree species Acosmium nitens, Campsiandra laurifolia, Duroia fusifera, Eschweilera tenuifolia, Pouteria orinocoensis and Symmeria
paniculata and in leaves developed only under flooding in Inga spuria and Tachigali davidsei. Anatomy was remarkably similar
among species and families and consisted of a bi-layered palisade parenchyma, a 5-6-cell-thick spongy parenchyma and large
whole-leaf thickness. Anatomy also resembled that of xerophytes or evergreen species by possessing thick cuticles, large epidermal
cells, thickened anticlinal epidermal cell walls and an abundance of sclerenchyma. Leaves of flooded v. un-flooded trees were not
qualitatively different. Specific leaf area resembled values of deciduous species in tropical dry forests. No quantitative differences
were found between leaves developed in un-flooded and flooded trees, with the exception of a reduction in whole-leaf thickness of E.
tenuifolia, P. orinocoensis and S. paniculata and a change in the contribution of palisade parenchyma to leaf thickness in E. tenuifolia.
Both stomatal size and density in these exclusively hypostomatous species remained unaffected by flooding. A decrease under
flooding in whole-leaf thickness may have resulted in an increase in mesophyll conductance and therefore photosynthetic rate.